LogiQA: A Challenge Dataset for Machine Reading Comprehension with Logical Reasoning
Paper • 2007.08124 • Published
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{"id": 4554, "answer": 0, "text": "A college will continue to implement the overseas funding plan this year. It plans to select several of the six teachers from Mr. Liu, Mr. Zhang, Mr. Wang, Mr. Ma, Mr. Niu and Mr. Zhou to visit abroad. Due to the limitations of funding, the needs of discipline development, curriculum ... |
{"id": 7446, "answer": 0, "text": "The straw effect means that the juice around the tube can be inhaled by inhaling the fruit juice in the cup with a straw. Implanting some kind of straw in a certain area can gather resources and cause obvious regional effect.", "question": "Which of the following options does not belo... |
{"id": 6272, "answer": 0, "text": "Reading is a personal life habit, which is determined by cultural literacy. Without the pursuit of knowledge or the hobby of culture, it is difficult to imagine that people can calm down and read. The habit of reading should be cultivated from an early age. Starting from the beginning... |
{"id": 50, "answer": 2, "text": "For a certain type of ulcer, traditional therapy can completely heal 44% of patients' ulcers within 6 months. A new therapy for this type of ulcer has achieved obvious improves in 80% of the ulcers treated in a 6-month trial. 61% of ulcers were healed. Since the trial only treated those... |
{"id": 4392, "answer": 1, "text": "Robbery is an act of forcibly seizing public and private property by violence, coercion or other means on the spot for the purpose of illegal possession.", "question": "Which of the followings belongs to robbery", "options": ["Li embedded himself in Wang's house to steal. When he was ... |
{"id": 1765, "answer": 1, "text": "The reason why the financial crisis has spread to the world is largely because each economy has experienced 6 to 7 years of extraordinary financial expansion, financial innovation and the unprecedented development of financial derivatives during the economic prosperity period. Under t... |
{"id": 11505, "answer": 0, "text": "Students asked by a psychologist to tell a lie before discussion groups vastly overestimated how many people in the discussion groups could tell they were lying. Other research has found that when volleyball players perform unusually poorly on the court, teammates notice this far les... |
{"id": 10557, "answer": 1, "text": "One theater plans to present seven plays over seven weeks in the fall. They are F, G., J, K, O, R, S. There is one play a week, and each play runs exactly one week. The repertory must meet the following conditions :(1) G must be performed in the third week. (2) O and S cannot be perf... |
{"id": 1313, "answer": 1, "text": "When the development of the enterprise organization is slow and bad problems occur internally, the enterprise must change the management mode. When the external change has little impact, the enterprise can make small adjustments from the daily management details to adapt to the change... |
{"id": 10633, "answer": 3, "text": "The sun emits two types of ultraviolet radiation that damage skin: UV-A, which causes premature wrinkles, and UV-B, which causes sunburn. Until about ten years ago, sunscreens protected against UV-B radiation but not against UV-A radiation.", "question": "Which one of the following i... |
{"id": 14312, "answer": 1, "text": "A scientific study provides evidence that crows are capable of recognizing threatening people and can even pass their concerns on to other crows. Researchers wearing rubber caveman masks trapped wild crows and then released them in the same area. Years later, people wearing the same ... |
{"id": 2129, "answer": 1, "text": "Early childhood education in the United States focuses on cultivating children's critical thinking. An important point is to distinguish between fact statements and opinion statements. Fact statements can be verified. There are true and false but not good or bad; opinions are mostly s... |
{"id": 10736, "answer": 3, "text": "Many important types of medicine have been developed from substances discovered in plants that grow only in tropical rain forests. There are thousands of plant species in these rain forests that have not yet been studied by scientists, and it is very likely that many such plants also... |
{"id": 2065, "answer": 3, "text": "Dashan, a Canadian actor who came to China, was once stopped by traffic police when he exceeded the required speed on the outskirts of Beijing. Dashan asked, how many kilometers per hour will you be fined? The traffic police said: if you reach a speed of 80 kilometers per hour, you wi... |
{"id": 499, "answer": 1, "text": "Rational expectation means that if people are rational when anticipating an economic phenomenon, they will make full use of the information they get to take action without making systematic mistakes.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings is rational ... |
{"id": 6707, "answer": 3, "text": "The door is a symbol of secrecy and avoidance, a symbol of the quiet or sad secret struggle of the mind hiding in bliss. A house without a door is not a house, but a hallway. Wherever a man is, he can make himself at ease as long as he is behind a closed door. The mind works most effe... |
{"id": 6488, "answer": 3, "text": "While studying Williams syndrome, experts accidentally found that people with musical and mathematical talents are actually caused by genetic disorders or deletions and the same genetic disorder can also lead to psychosis such as schizophrenia. Most children born with Williams syndrom... |
{"id": 6232, "answer": 2, "text": "If capable people are not influenced by the outside world to pursue perfect solutions to problems, but limit their exploration and find satisfactory answers, they can save a lot of energy.", "question": "Which of the following views is expressed in the above paragraph?", "options": ["... |
{"id": 13012, "answer": 1, "text": "Traditionally, the foundations of houses were made of concrete. A builder is experimenting with using a hard plastic polymer for foundations. A foundation made with the polymer is about the same price to construct and install as is concrete foundation. Unlike concrete, the polymer wi... |
{"id": 12444, "answer": 3, "text": "Journalist: Obviously, though some animals are purely carnivorous, none would survive without plants. But the dependence is mutual. Many plant species would never have come to be had there been no animals to pollinate, fertilize, and broadcast their seeds. Also, plants' photosyntheti... |
{"id": 7419, "answer": 0, "text": "Explaining causality: It refers to explaining the causal connection among certain facts.", "question": "Which of the following is not an explaining causality?", "options": ["Xiaoqiu poured such deep feelings into her song,how could Xiaoli not hear her?", "The development of physics ha... |
{"id": 14539, "answer": 2, "text": "Consumer advocate: There is no doubt that the government is responsible for the increased cost of gasoline, because the government' s policies have significantly increased consumer demand for fuel, and as a result of increasing demand, the price of gasoline has risen steadily.", "que... |
{"id": 14530, "answer": 3, "text": "Economist: Tropicorp, which constantly seeks profitable investment opportunities, has been buying and clearing sections of tropical forest for cattle ranching, although pastures newly created there become useless for grazing after just a few years. The company has not gone into rubbe... |
{"id": 5584, "answer": 2, "text": "Product recall refers to the recall of products that have been delivered to wholesalers, retailers or end users by manufacturers. The typical reason for product recall is that the sold products are found to have defects. The product recall system is aimed at the batch problems caused ... |
{"id": 14971, "answer": 3, "text": "Egidio' s Gym has been in operation for seven years, and offers regular weekly weight training and aerobic classes, as well as occasional programs in dance and martial arts. The gym has seen a surge of new members in the past twelve months, despite keeping the same membership fee ove... |
{"id": 10823, "answer": 2, "text": "Publicity campaigns for endangered species are unlikely to have much impact on the most important environmental problems, for while the ease of attributing feelings to large mammals facilitates evoking sympathy for them, it is more difficult to elicit sympathy for other kinds of orga... |
{"id": 10850, "answer": 1, "text": "A very popular ice-cream shop recently raised the price of an ice-cream soda by $0. 20, from $1. 80 to $2. 00. Within a week of the price increase, all of the waiters-and waitresses had quit.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, would most help to explain the resignations ... |
{"id": 6053, "answer": 2, "text": "Regular yogurt use reduces a child's risk of tooth decay, a new study has found. Previously, researchers have suggested that yogurt can prevent tooth decay in children, and studies have shown that butter, cheese and milk have no significant effect on preventing tooth decay. Although d... |
{"id": 10693, "answer": 2, "text": "Counselor: Those who believe that criticism should be gentle rather than harsh should consider the following: change requires a motive, and criticism that is unpleasant provides a motive. Since harsh criticism is unpleasant, harsh criticism provides a motive. Ttherefore, only harsh c... |
{"id": 13616, "answer": 0, "text": "Taxpayer: For the last ten years, Metro City' s bridge-maintenance budget of $1 million annually has been a prime example of fiscal irresponsibility. In a well-run bridge program, the city would spend $15 million a year on maintenance, which would prevent severe deterioration, thus l... |
{"id": 14475, "answer": 3, "text": "When girls are educated in single-sex secondary schools, they tend to do better academically than girls who attend mixed-sex schools. Since Alice achieved higher grades than any other woman in her first year at the university, she was probably educated at a single-sex school.", "ques... |
{"id": 2222, "answer": 3, "text": "Psychologists have suggested that if social networks are used well, they can also significantly reduce people's negative emotions and improve their mood. But the premise is that we need to use the Internet as a practice platform to truly express ourselves and interact with others sinc... |
{"id": 2831, "answer": 3, "text": "Statistics for the first half of this year show that CPI in Province A fell 1.7% in three consecutive months after a 1.8% month-on-month increase in three months. In the same period, CPI in Province B rose 1.8% in three consecutive months after a 1.7% month-on-month decrease in three ... |
{"id": 12318, "answer": 3, "text": "Last year a record number of new manufacturing jobs were created. Will this year bring another record? Well, any new manufacturing job is created either within an existing company or by the start-up of a new company. <b> Within existing firms, new jobs have been created this year at ... |
{"id": 9615, "answer": 1, "text": "Anthropologists measured human skulls at various periods in history and found that the average brain capacity of contemporary adults is 1349 milliliters, compared with the brain capacity of Mesolithic humans, the brain capacity of men is reduced by 10%. The brain capacity of women is ... |
{"id": 10532, "answer": 2, "text": "A former vice president of the Shanxi vinegar industry association said that only 5% of the Shanxi aged vinegar sold on the market is the real Shanxi aged vinegar without additives. A vice president of the China seasoning Association said in an interview with reporters on the inciden... |
{"id": 6065, "answer": 2, "text": "The causal link between phenomena refers to the existence of one phenomenon, others will cause another phenomenon, then there is a causal link between the two phenomena. One way to explore the causal link between phenomena is to seek the same method, which means that the phenomenon be... |
{"id": 12388, "answer": 1, "text": "High school students who feel that they are not succeeding in school often drop out before graduating and go to work. Last year, however, the city' s high school dropout rate was significantly lower than the previous year' s rate. This is encouraging evidence that the program institu... |
{"id": 8979, "answer": 2, "text": "In today's economic globalization, western cultural classics and traditions are still surviving and continuing. In the United States, the president is sworn in according to the Bible, and pupils recite the oath of a nation under the protection of God every week. In China, primary scho... |
{"id": 8248, "answer": 1, "text": "2 million-1 million years ago, during the evolution from apes to modern Homo sapiens, the brains of our ancestors evolved to support cooperation to support hunting. This made the memory and thinking centers in the prefrontal cortex of human ancestors more developed than those of other... |
{"id": 2807, "answer": 3, "text": "Mr. X has always been hailed as the literary master of the Western world in the 19th century, but the benefits he received from the literary masters of his predecessors have been ignored by critics. In addition, Mr. X has never written a truly monumental masterpiece, and his most well... |
{"id": 1124, "answer": 1, "text": "It is not necessary to use a strong melody to create a successful (or even great) work, but a beautiful, easy-to-hum melody will always give ordinary laymen more joy. Many people who have not studied or analyzed music are easily attracted by composers who are good at melody. Comparing... |
{"id": 13845, "answer": 3, "text": "In marketing their products, drug companies often send gifts to physicians. According to a recent survey, most physicians believe that their own choices when prescribing drugs are not influenced by drug companies' gifts. The same survey indicates that the majority of physicians belie... |
{"id": 3497, "answer": 1, "text": "Resistance: refers to the ability of a substance to hinder the flow of electric current. Its size is related to the nature of the material itself.", "question": "According to this definition, what is wrong which of the following statement?", "options": ["The superconductivity of some ... |
{"id": 7593, "answer": 2, "text": "Anxiety neurosis is characterized by generalized anxiety disorder (chronic anxiety disorder) and paroxysmal panic state (acute anxiety disorder). It is a kind of unfounded panic and tension or the degree of tension and panic is not commensurate with the reality. Psychological experien... |
{"id": 8108, "answer": 2, "text": "A science magazine published an article about a kind of rubber that can heal itself. The molecules in ordinary rubber are held together by strong covalent bonds that break and cannot be restored. Instead, the researchers developed a molecular rope that combines hard-to-get hydrogen an... |
{"id": 6106, "answer": 2, "text": "Once a small advertising light box can kill about 350000 insects a year. The night as bright as day will also seriously affect the life cycle of insects, especially adults. Insects are an important link in the natural food chain. Many small animals, birds and bats take insects as thei... |
{"id": 6931, "answer": 1, "text": "Malik said Austin was surprised that Premier Zhou said the Chinese people's government believed that any resolution on China's complaint passed by the Security Council without the participation of representatives of the Chinese people would be illegal.", "question": "Who of the follow... |
{"id": 1686, "answer": 0, "text": "The secrecy of official documents in ancient China can be traced back to the Xia Dynasty. According to historical records, Tai Shi Ling official collection of graphic method (that is, important national records and archives); during the Shang Dynasty, he set up the official position o... |
{"id": 1837, "answer": 3, "text": "Reason is easy to understand, it is common sense and common sense, it is easy to tell whether it is reasonable or not, and it is not easy to follow blindly. The truth is different, either the mystery of the natural world or the law of history. These are things that ordinary people do ... |
{"id": 5414, "answer": 1, "text": "Air pollutants are divided into primary pollutants and secondary pollutants. After being discharged into the atmosphere from the pollution source, direct air pollution is called primary pollutants, mainly including sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, nitrogen dioxide, pa... |
{"id": 2224, "answer": 1, "text": "From the perspective of legal operation, it has been proposed that the application for heritage of peasant paintings will cause contradictions in the determination of copyright, because the authors of the national and national cultural heritage are collective and anonymous. The author... |
{"id": 12821, "answer": 3, "text": "A law that is not consistently enforced does not serve its purpose. Law without enforcement is not law; it is merely statute -- a promise of law. To institute real law is not merely to declare that such and such behavior is forbidden; it is also to punish those who violate that edict... |
{"id": 12954, "answer": 1, "text": "An overly centralized economy, not the changes in the climate, is responsible for the poor agricultural production in Country X since its new government came to power. Neighboring Country Y has experienced the same climatic conditions, but while agricultural production has been falli... |
{"id": 13384, "answer": 0, "text": "Because the statement all gray rabbits are rabbits is true, it follows by analogy that the statement all suspected criminals are criminals is also true.", "question": "The reasoning above is flawed because it fails to recognize that", "options": ["the relationship between being a gra... |
{"id": 10791, "answer": 3, "text": "Nuclear fusion is a process whereby the nuclei of atoms are joined, or fused, and in which energy is released. One of the by-products of fusion is helium-4 gas. A recent fusion experiment was conducted using heavy water contained in a sealed flask. The flask was, in turn, contained ... |
{"id": 7605, "answer": 0, "text": "The primary group refers to a social group with close interpersonal relationships and a strong emotional color; the secondary group refers to a social group that forms a formal relationship through clear rules and regulations for the purpose of achieving practical special goals.", "qu... |
{"id": 5367, "answer": 3, "text": "The multiple cropping index refers to the ratio of the total sown area of crops to the area of arable land within a year, and is generally expressed as a percentage. The level of the multiple cropping index is restricted by the local sunshine, soil, water conservancy, fertilizer, labo... |
{"id": 12833, "answer": 3, "text": "Editorialist: There would seem to be little hazard for consumers associated with chemicals used in treated lumber because the lumber is used outside where fumes cannot accumulate. However, immediate steps should be taken to determine the safety of these chemicals since consumers coul... |
{"id": 2686, "answer": 3, "text": "Many adults often remember only a few famous sentences in the three hundred Tang Poems that they were familiar with when they were children, but do not know the author or the name of the poem. There are only three grades of master's degree students in the Chinese Department of School ... |
{"id": 12873, "answer": 2, "text": "The governmental archives of a country recently freed from dictatorship contain no material incriminating the country' s most notorious dictator in certain crimes that political observers believed him to have instigated. In fact, the archives contain documents implicating others in t... |
{"id": 6437, "answer": 0, "text": "The emergence of computers has changed our lives to a great extent. Sitting in front of the computer typing, browsing, more and more instead of pen writing, holding books to read. But the computer not only brings convenience, but also has a strong impact on the traditional culture, ev... |
{"id": 14734, "answer": 1, "text": "Pizzerias are the only restaurants that routinely record the names, addresses, and menu selections of their customers. Simply by organizing these data, they can easily identify regular, average, and infrequent customers. Ttherefore, pizzerias utilize direct-mail marketing more effect... |
{"id": 9783, "answer": 0, "text": "Science and art are like the two sides of a coin, which are based on human creativity and pursue the universality of truth. Scientific communication is also a kind of creative activity, in which practitioners transform science into content that is easy for the public to understand by ... |
{"id": 11026, "answer": 1, "text": "A certain auto repair shop services a particular make of car in the downtown region of a particular city. Three years ago, 4% of all repairs at this shop were not successful --- the mechanics were not able to restore the car to a drivable state. This year, only 2% of all repairs were... |
{"id": 6240, "answer": 1, "text": "In China, vaccine research, test, approval and production are supervised by the drug inspection system, while vaccination and transportation are mainly supervised by the health system. Vaccine supervision needs to be completed jointly by the drug supervision department and the health ... |
{"id": 7853, "answer": 2, "text": "The food safety problem has always been a chronic disease in our country, and the reasons for it, experts said. This is related to the huge profits of certain food industries. It is necessary to expand the production of these industries and increase the supply, and the food safety pro... |
{"id": 10055, "answer": 2, "text": "The United States adopted this policy after the 9.11 terrorist attack: Either stand with us against terrorism, then you are our friend; or do not stand with us, then you are our enemy.", "question": "Which of the followings is not the same as the expression in the above?", "options":... |
{"id": 7288, "answer": 0, "text": "If unit A does not break the rules, then unit B will not be praised. Unit B gets praise, or unit B's staff sun does not get praise. If the audit is no problem, Unit A did not break the rules.", "question": "If the above conditions are true, which of the following, if true, can lead to... |
{"id": 14634, "answer": 2, "text": "United States politician: Although the amount of United States goods shipped to Mexico doubled in the year after tariffs on trade between the two countries were reduced, it does not follow that the reduction in tariffs caused the sales of United States goods to companies and consumer... |
{"id": 3101, "answer": 2, "text": "Generalization refers to a logical error in applying inductive reasoning to draw a conclusion only based on the investigation of a few non typical objects, or even ignoring the existence of counterexamples, and treat this conclusion as a reliable conclusion.", "question": "Which of th... |
{"id": 3765, "answer": 2, "text": "Four people are talking about Lao Tian's deposit. A said, Lao Tian has a deposit of at least 5,000 yuan. B said, No, there is at least ten thousand yuan. C said, his savings is less than twenty thousand. Ding said, there is at least one hundred yuan in Lao Tian's passbook. In fact, on... |
{"id": 10963, "answer": 1, "text": "When a threat to life is common, as are automobile and industrial accidents, only unusual instances tend to be prominently reported by the news media. Instances of rare threats, such as product tampering, however, are seen as news by reporters and are universally reported in featured... |
{"id": 11453, "answer": 3, "text": "Analyst: Any new natural-gas-powered electrical generation station needs to be located close to a natural-gas pipeline, a large body of water for cooling, and transmission lines. It also must be situated in a region where residents will not oppose construction. Our country has an ext... |
{"id": 14177, "answer": 0, "text": "A prominent investor who holds a large stake in the Burton Tool Company has recently claimed that the company is mismanaged. As evidence for this claim, the investor cited the company' s failure to slow production in response to a recent rise in its inventory of finished products. It... |
{"id": 14365, "answer": 0, "text": "The public interest comprises many interests and the broadcast media must serve all of them. Perhaps most television viewers would prefer an action show to an opera. But a constant stream of action shows on all channels is not in the public interest. Thus, __.", "question": "Which on... |
{"id": 7221, "answer": 1, "text": "Only one of the following statements about the failure of computer A is true", "question": "The true judgment is:", "options": ["The graphics card is broken", "If the motherboard is broken, the memory module must have failed", "The motherboard or graphics card is broken", "The mother... |
{"id": 1724, "answer": 3, "text": "Poverty often conjures up images of low mud huts, shabby bedding and cloudy eyes. These are indeed poor people living below the city's minimum standard of living. The man died of illness and owed a lot of money. One of his two children was disabled, but their house was bright and clea... |
{"id": 13391, "answer": 0, "text": "Modern flamingos derive their pink coloration from pigments stored in tiny shrimp that they filter from shallow, salty waters. The shrimp get this pigment from tiny red algae that they filter through their leg bristles. In the Jurassic period (about 200 million years ago), both algae... |
{"id": 12528, "answer": 1, "text": "M: The Greek alphabet must have been invented by some individual who knew the Phoenician writing system and who wanted to have some way of recording Homeric epics and thereby preserving expressions of a highly developed tradition of oral poetry. P: Your hypothesis is laughable! What ... |
{"id": 14508, "answer": 2, "text": "Critic: The idealized world portrayed in romance literature is diametrically opposed to the debased world portrayed in satirical literature. Nevertheless, the major characters in both types of works have moral qualities that reflect the worlds in which they are presented. Comedy and ... |
{"id": 2048, "answer": 3, "text": "Buzzwords are the direct reflection of people's social life and reflect the color of the times. Just like electricity derives a batch of words with electricity, the emergence of network will inevitably derive a number of words with network, which makes network change from a new word t... |
{"id": 8916, "answer": 0, "text": "In a magic show, from the seven magicians - G.H.K.L.N.P and Q, select 6 to perform, perform into two teams: 1 team and 2 team. Each team by the front, middle and after three positions, playing the magician just each occupies a position, the selection and position arrangement of the ma... |
{"id": 2587, "answer": 2, "text": "In a paper published in the Journal of Pediatrics, researchers at a university medical school in the United States pointed out that after a follow-up survey of children from 2,702 families, it was found that if children watched TV for more than two hours a day before the age of 5, the... |
{"id": 14603, "answer": 0, "text": "If all works of art evoke intense feelings, and this sculpture is a work of art, then it follows that this sculpture evokes intense feelings. But this sculpture does not evoke intense feelings at all. So either this sculpture is not a work of art, or not all works of art evoke intens... |
{"id": 4737, "answer": 1, "text": "Stockholm Syndrome refers to the emotions of the victim after being controlled by the criminal for a period of time, and even help the criminal in turn.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of thes following does not belong to Stockholm Syndrome?", "options": ["A ba... |
{"id": 4388, "answer": 0, "text": "The term emergency risk avoidance refers to an act that may not be taken to damage the legitimate rights and interests of another party in order to protect the state, public interests, personal, property and other rights of oneself or others from ongoing danger.", "question": "Which o... |
{"id": 15186, "answer": 1, "text": "A chemical present in all grapes helps reduce blood cholesterol in humans. The chemical is also present in red wine and grape juice, bECACAut not in white wine. Both red wine and grape juice are produced using whole grapes; white wine is produced without using the grape skins.", "que... |
{"id": 5878, "answer": 2, "text": "The popularization of computer and the emergence of the network are changing the way of social information transmission, also changing people's entertainment, but also make the traditional media by a huge impact. Many people spend so much time in front of the computer that they even b... |
{"id": 12105, "answer": 3, "text": "A person' s personality is linked to that person' s genes. And since a person' s genes do not ordinarily change over time, it follows that a person' s personality remains unchanged with the passing of time.", "question": "Which one of the following is most closely parallel in its rea... |
{"id": 13936, "answer": 2, "text": "People who do regular volunteer work tend to live longer, on average, than people who do not. It has been found that doing good, a category that certainly includes volunteer work, releases endorphins, the brain's natural opiates, which induce in people a feeling of well-being. Clear... |
{"id": 4382, "answer": 0, "text": "Xiao Zhou, Xiao Wu, Xiao Deng and Xiao Wang's occupations are: dancers, nurses, teachers and costume designers. I also know that Xiao Zhou's salary is higher than nurses, and Xiao Zheng's salary is lower than Xiao Wu's, dancers. The salary is lower than that of a costume designer, and... |
{"id": 11852, "answer": 0, "text": "Ms. Smith: I am upset that my son' s entire class lost two days of recess because some of the children were throwing raisins in the cafeteria. He was not throwing raisins, and it was clear to everyone just who the culprits were. Principal: I' m sorry you' re upset, Ms. Smith, but you... |
{"id": 5567, "answer": 3, "text": "People who regularly take part in diving are generally healthier than those who do not take part in diving. It can be seen that diving exercise can exercise and improve physical health.", "question": "Which of the following options best challenges the above argument?", "options": ["No... |
{"id": 7749, "answer": 2, "text": "Linguistic intelligence refers to the use of computer programs to achieve language communication between humans and machines, or to allow machines to autonomously complete language-related tasks.", "question": "Which of the following is linguistic intelligence?", "options": ["The arti... |
{"id": 11168, "answer": 1, "text": "The energy an animal must expend to move uphill is proportional to its body weight, whereas the animal' s energy output available to perform this task is proportional to its surface area. This is the reason that small animals, like squirrels, can run up a tree trunk almost as fast as... |
{"id": 9572, "answer": 0, "text": "Online social consumption refers to a way of consumption. In the process of online social, it will have the desire to impromptu consumption of certain goods, with the help of the link of the social platform to complete the purchasing behavior.", "question": "Which of the following opt... |
{"id": 13041, "answer": 1, "text": "Philosopher: Scientists talk about the pursuit of truth, but, like most people, they are self-interested. Accordingly, the professional activities of most scientists are directed toward personal career enhancement, and only incidentally toward the pursuit of truth. Hence, the activit... |
{"id": 2239, "answer": 0, "text": "Faith, belief and confidence are all important at all times. Small to a person, a collective, to a political party, a nation, a country. As long as you have faith, belief and confidence, you will be more frustrated and diligent, and you will fight more and more bravely, otherwise you ... |
{"id": 3723, "answer": 1, "text": "Excessively dense urban layout is not only easy to produce heat island effect, but also does not meet the requirements of ecological aesthetics. Therefore, urban construction should open the layout as far as possible, reasonably interval the city groups, so that the city looks smooth ... |
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LogiQA2.0
Logiqa2.0 dataset - logical reasoning in MRC and NLI tasks
This is the official repository for the LogiQA 2.0 datasets in our paper LogiQA2.0 - An Improved Dataset for Logic Reasoning in Question Answering and Textual Inference
How to cite
@ARTICLE{10174688,
author={Liu, Hanmeng and Liu, Jian and Cui, Leyang and Teng, Zhiyang and Duan, Nan and Zhou, Ming and Zhang, Yue},
journal={IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing},
title={LogiQA 2.0—An Improved Dataset for Logical Reasoning in Natural Language Understanding},
year={2023},
volume={31},
number={},
pages={2947-2962},
doi={10.1109/TASLP.2023.3293046}}
About
This is version 2 of the LogiQA dataset, first released as a multi-choice reading comprehension dataset by our previous paper LogiQA: A Challenge Dataset for Machine Reading Comprehension with Logical Reasoning.
The dataset is collected from the Chinese Civil Service Entrance Examination. The dataset is both in Chinese and English (by translation). you can download the version 1 of the LogiQA dataset from here.
To construct the LogiQA2.0 dataset, we:
- Collect more newly released exam questions and practice questions. There are about 20 provinces in China that hold the exam annually. The exam materials are publicly available on the Internet after the exams. Besides, practice questions are provided by various sources.
- Hire professional translators to re-translate the dataset from Chinese to English; verify the labels and annotations with human experts. This program is conducted by Speechocean, a data annotation service provider. The project is accomplished with the help of Microsoft Research Asia.
- Introduce a new NLI task to the dataset. The NLI version of the dataset is converted from the MRC version of the dataset, following previous work such as Transforming Question Answering Datasets into Natural Language Inference Datasets.
Datasets
MRC
The MRC part of the LogiQA2.0 dataset can be found in the /MRC/ folder.
train.txt: train split of the dataset in json lines.
dev.txt: dev split of the dataset in json lines.
test.txt: test split of the dataset in json lines.
train_zh.txt: train split of the Chinese version of dataset in json lines.
dev_zh.txt: dev split of the Chinese version of dataset in json lines.
test_zh.txt: test split of the Chinese version of dataset in json lines.
train_fol.zip is the training data with AMR and FOL annotations. The file is too big so we compressed it.
dev_fol.jsonl is the dev data with AMR and FOL annotations.
test_fol.jsonl is the test data with AMR and FOL annotations.
An example:
{"id": 10471, "answer": 0, "text": "The medieval Arabs had many manuscripts of ancient Greek. When needed, they translate them into Arabic. Medieval Arab philosophers were very interested in Aristotle's Theory of Poetry, which was obviously not shared by Arab poets, because a poet interested in it must want to read Homer's poems. Aristotle himself often quotes Homer's poems. However, Homer's poems were not translated into Arabic until modern times.", "question": "Which of the following options, if true, strongly supports the above argument?", "options": ["Some medieval Arab translators have manuscripts of Homer poems in ancient Greek.", "Aristotle's Theory of Poetry is often quoted and commented by modern Arab poets.", "In Aristotle's Theory of Poetry, most of the content is related to drama, and medieval Arabs also wrote plays and performed them.", "A series of medieval Arab stories, such as Arab Night, are very similar to some parts of Homer's epic."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
An example of the Chinese dataset:
{"id": 8018, "answer": 0, "text": "常春藤通常指美国东部的八所大学。常春藤一词一直以来是美国名校的代名词，这八所大学不仅历史悠久，治学严谨，而且教学质量极高。这些学校的毕业生大多成为社会精英，他们中的多数人年薪超过20万美元，有很多政界领袖来自常春藤，更有为数众多的科学家毕业于长春藤。", "question": "根据以上条件，下面那个选项一定为真:", "options": ["A.有些社会精英年薪超过20万美金", "B.有些政界领袖年薪不足20万美元", "C.有些科学家年薪超过20万美元", "D.有些政界领袖是社会精英"]}
NLI
The NLI part of LogiQA2.0 dataset can be found in the /NLI/ folder.
train.txt: train split of the dataset in json lines
dev.txt: dev split of the dataset in json lines
test.txt: test split of the dataset in json lines
An example:
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["Among the employees of a software company, there are three Cantonese, one Beijinger and three northerners"], "minor_premise": " Four are only responsible for software development and two are only responsible for product sales", "conclusion": "There may be at least 7 people and at most 12 people."}
Annotations
The translation and annotation work is outsourced to Speechocean, and the project fund is provided by Microsoft Research Asia
Translation
| Final Report | |
|---|---|
| provider | Speechocean |
| Project Duration | 2021/10/20-2021/12/3 |
| Actual Working Hour | 667 hours |
| Cost | 45000 RMB |
Translation style/method:
Maintain a unified style, and the translated English questions need to inherit the logic of the original questions.
The pronoun in the question needs to be unique, the translation needs to be unique and consistent without ambiguity;
The translated English conforms to the form of a proper question, that is, it is a clear question from the perspective of the respondent;
Label consistency
The label credibility is manually verified after the translation is done to maintain the truthfulness of the original text. 3 workers run a consistency test on each example, if 2 or more workers give different answer compared to the original answer, the translation would be redone to guareentee the label is correct.
Additional annotations
The reasoning types of each question are assigned by a total of 5 workers, each of whom corresponds to one reasoning type. We describe reasoning types (which can be found in our paper) to the workers. The reasoning types of each question is a collection of 5 workers' decision.
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